iPSC modeling of young-onset Parkinson's disease reveals a molecular signature of disease and novel therapeutic candidates.

Young-onset Parkinson's disease (YOPD), defined by onset at <50 years, accounts for approximately 10% of all Parkinson's disease cases and, while some cases are associated with known genetic mutations, most are not. Here induced pluripotent stem cells were generated from control individuals and from patients with YOPD with no known mutations. Following differentiation into cultures containing dopamine neurons, induced pluripotent stem cells from patients with YOPD showed increased accumulation of soluble α-synuclein protein and phosphorylated protein kinase Cα, as well as reduced abundance of lysosomal membrane proteins such as LAMP1. Testing activators of lysosomal function showed that specific phorbol esters, such as PEP005, reduced α-synuclein and phosphorylated protein kinase Cα levels while increasing LAMP1 abundance. Interestingly, the reduction in α-synuclein occurred through proteasomal degradation. PEP005 delivery to mouse striatum also decreased α-synuclein production in vivo. Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived dopaminergic cultures reveal a signature in patients with YOPD who have no known Parkinson's disease-related mutations, suggesting that there might be other genetic contributions to this disorder. This signature was normalized by specific phorbol esters, making them promising therapeutic candidates.

Quantification of substrate and cellular strains in stretchable 3D cell cultures: an experimental and computational framework.

The mechanical cell environment is a key regulator of biological processes . In living tissues, cells are embedded into the 3D extracellular matrix and permanently exposed to mechanical forces. Quantification of the cellular strain state in a 3D matrix is therefore the first step towards understanding how physical cues determine single cell and multicellular behaviour. The majority of cell assays are, however, based on 2D cell cultures that lack many essential features of the in vivo cellular environment. Furthermore, nondestructive measurement of substrate and cellular mechanics requires appropriate computational tools for microscopic image analysis and interpretation. Here, we present an experimental and computational framework for generation and quantification of the cellular strain state in 3D cell cultures using a combination of 3D substrate stretcher, multichannel microscopic imaging and computational image analysis. The 3D substrate stretcher enables deformation of living cells embedded in bead-labelled 3D collagen hydrogels. Local substrate and cell deformations are determined by tracking displacement of fluorescent beads with subsequent finite element interpolation of cell strains over a tetrahedral tessellation. In this feasibility study, we debate diverse aspects of deformable 3D culture construction, quantification and evaluation, and present an example of its application for quantitative analysis of a cellular model system based on primary mouse hepatocytes undergoing transforming growth factor (TGF-ß) induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition.

Mifepristone-inducible transgene expression in neural progenitor cells in vitro and in vivo.

Numerous gene and cell therapy strategies are being developed for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Many of these strategies use constitutive expression of therapeutic transgenic proteins, and although functional in animal models of disease, this method is less likely to provide adequate flexibility for delivering therapy to humans. Ligand-inducible gene expression systems may be more appropriate for these conditions, especially within the central nervous system (CNS). Mifepristone's ability to cross the blood-brain barrier makes it an especially attractive ligand for this purpose. We describe the production of a mifepristone-inducible vector system for regulated expression of transgenes within the CNS. Our inducible system used a lentivirus-based vector platform for the ex vivo production of mifepristone-inducible murine neural progenitor cells that express our transgenes of interest. These cells were processed through a series of selection steps to ensure that the cells exhibited appropriate transgene expression in a dose-dependent and temporally controlled manner with minimal background activity. Inducible cells were then transplanted into the brains of rodents, where they exhibited appropriate mifepristone-inducible expression. These studies detail a strategy for regulated expression in the CNS for use in the development of safe and efficient gene therapy for neurological disorders.

[Practical management of adalimumab]. / Manejo práctico de adalimumab.

Adalimumab, approved in the United States and Europe for the treatment of active rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis, might be used previously in the treatment of plaque psoriasis as "compassionate use drug." It should be remembered that its use should be in adults with moderate-severe psoriasis who, for some reason, do not tolerate or respond to the other existing systemic therapies or to phototherapy. Prior to its use, a detailed clinical history should be obtained with the study of the background of tuberculosis, and pregnancy and Mantoux tests should be performed. The current recommended dose for induction is 80 mg in week 0, followed by 40 mg the first week and maintenance dose of 40 mg every two weeks. Revisions should be performed every 4 weeks in the first three months of treatment and can be spaced after that, according to the evolution. It should be withdrawn if the patient is going to undergo surgery and vaccines with live agents are not recommended while the patient is on this treatment.

Manejo práctico de adalimumab / Practical management of adalimumab

Adalimumab, aprobado en Estados Unidos y Europa para el tratamiento de las artritis reumatoide activa y psoriásica y de la espondilitis esclerosante, pudo utilizarse previamente en el tratamiento de la psoriasis en placas como ¿medicamento de uso compasivo?. Debe recordarse que u empleo será en adultos con psoriasis moderada-grave que, por algún motivo, no toleran o no responden a las otras terapéuticas sistémicas existentes o a la fototerapia. Previamente a su empleo se debe realizar una detallada historia clínica con el estudio de antecedentes de tuberculosis y realizar las pruebas de embarazo y Mantoux. La dosis actualmente recomendada para la inducción es de 80 mg en la semana 0, seguida de 40 mg la primera semana y de dosis de mantenimiento de 40 mg cada dos semanas. Las revisiones serán cada 4 semanas en los primeros tres meses de tratamiento y más adelante, según la evolución, pueden espaciarse. Debe retirarse si el paciente va a ser intervenido quirúrgicamente y no se recomiendan las vacunas de agentes vivos mientras esté con este tratamiento (AU)

Adalimumab, approved in the United States and Europe for the treatment of active rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis, might be used previously in the treatment of plaque psoriasis as "compassionate use drug." It should be remembered that its use should be in adults with moderate-severe psoriasis who, for some reason, do not tolerate or respond to the other existing systemic therapies or to phototherapy. Prior to its use, a detailed clinical history should be obtained with the study of the background of tuberculosis, and pregnancy and Mantoux tests should be performed. The current recommended dose for induction is 80 mg in week 0, followed by 40 mg the first week and maintenance dose of 40 mg every two weeks. Revisions should be performed every 4 weeks in the first three months of treatment and can be spaced after that, according to the evolution. It should be withdrawn if the patient is going to undergo surgery and vaccines with live agents are not recommended while the patient is on this treatment (AU)